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Python A2Z: Foundations
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Python A2Z: Foundations
Start from zero and write real Python programs: every data type, decisions and loops, functions, errors, files, modules, the standard…
- Level
- Beginner
- Modules
- 115
- Time
- About 14 hours
- Ends with
- Certificate
Course path
Part 1 of the Python A2Z series for adult self-learners. Short lessons, each with runnable examples you can edit in the browser, a prediction, and a hands-on task you check yourself. Covers teachable concepts from a complete reference tutorial; non-teaching index, example, exercise, quiz, how-to and learning-resource pages are mapped to concepts or excluded.
Choose Python for a practical automation task
A repeatable calculation turns a small instruction sequence into useful automation.
Run and edit your first Python program in the browser
The browser editor runs a short program and shows the result of each edit.
Install Python and run a file on Windows, macOS, or Linux
A saved .py file runs through a local Python interpreter from its containing folder.
Try an expression at the Python prompt
The prompt evaluates one entry at a time, while history and completion reduce retyping.
Display a text message
Print sends text and computed values to the output panel with controllable separators.
Run Python source with the right text encoding
UTF-8 source preserves readable messages, while comments explain decisions outside quoted text.
Trace an error message to its source line
Error messages distinguish code that cannot be parsed from a failure during execution.
Find and fix a bug with a repeatable debugging step
A reproducible input and a narrow hypothesis make a wrong result easier to investigate.
Store a value in a named variable
Assignment gives a value a readable name, and reserved words cannot serve as names.
Assign several related values at once
Multiple assignment binds several names together, while chained assignment shares one value.
Choose the right built-in value type
A value's type determines its operations, and None records the absence of a result.
Represent whole and decimal quantities
Integer and floating-point arithmetic calculate quantities with distinct division and remainder rules.
Write numbers in other forms
Exponent notation, base prefixes and unary signs give ordinary numeric values alternative spellings.
Read text from a user
Input arrives as text and must be converted before numeric calculation.
Explain a rounding surprise in floating-point arithmetic
Binary floating-point approximations explain small differences between calculated and expected decimals.
Update a value with an assignment operator
Augmented assignment calculates from the current value and then updates its binding.
Represent and inspect text
Strings are immutable character sequences whose literals can include escaped characters.
Join text with the concatenation operator
Concatenation and repetition build a new string from existing pieces.
Extract part of a string with a slice
Slices select a range with an excluded stop, and a negative step can reverse its traversal.
Clean text without changing the original string
String cleanup returns a new value, so keeping the result is part of the operation.
Choose a string method for a text cleanup task
A grouped method reference helps select text searches, transformations, splits and validations.
Format a message with an f-string
An f-string embeds expressions and controls the presentation of amounts and labels.
Format fields with str.format
Existing code may fill format fields or percent placeholders to construct the same message.
Format text by assembling parts explicitly
Explicit conversion and alignment can assemble a small report without an interpolation expression.
Make a script easier to read with consistent style
Consistent names, spacing and small expressions make reporting code easier to scan.
Prepare text for a fixed-width export
Alignment, tab expansion, translation and encoding support precise text exports without changing the source string.
Represent a true-or-false result
Comparisons produce Boolean values that express checkable conditions.
Combine true-or-false tests
And, or and not combine conditions into a precise acceptance rule.
Check whether two names refer to the same object
Identity asks about the same object, while membership asks whether a value occurs within another value.
Predict how Python groups an expression
Precedence controls grouping, while integer bit operators combine individual binary positions.
Check a label against a text rule
Character-test methods express distinct Unicode-aware rules rather than one universal definition of valid text.
Run a block only when a condition is true
An if statement conditionally executes an indented suite of statements.
Choose among several mutually exclusive cases
An if/elif/else chain chooses the first matching branch and provides a fallback.
Choose a value with a conditional expression
A conditional expression selects one value, while a short if still controls a statement.
Handle a decision inside another decision
Nested decisions preserve separate questions, and pass supplies an intentionally empty suite.
Skip unnecessary checks with short-circuit evaluation
Truthiness controls conditions, and and/or can stop early and return one of their operands.
Choose a case with structural pattern matching
Match selects a case by pattern, with a wildcard for commands that do not match.
Repeat a task while a condition remains true
A while loop retests its condition before each iteration and needs a path towards termination.
Repeat an action for each item
For traverses an iterable, while range supplies a compact sequence of integers with an excluded stop.
Skip or stop an iteration with break and continue
Continue skips the rest of one iteration, while break exits the nearest loop.
Run an else block when a loop finishes normally
A loop's else suite runs when iteration ends without break, including a zero-iteration search.
Process a grid with nested loops
An inner traversal restarts for each outer item, and break affects only its own loop.
Keep an ordered collection you can change
A list stores ordered items that can be read, replaced and visited in sequence.
Choose a list method to add or remove items
List methods distinguish inserting values, locating them and mutating the sequence in place.
Combine two lists in the intended order
List combination chooses whether to create a new list, extend an existing one or delete selected bindings and items.
Sort records by a chosen value
Sorting creates or mutates an ordered sequence, and a key function determines the compared values.
Copy a list before changing its items
Assignment shares a list reference, while a shallow copy creates a separate outer list.
Build a filtered list with a comprehension
A simple comprehension collects an expression for each item that passes an optional filter.
Import code from a Python module
Import gives access to a module's named tools without copying their implementation.
Track the latest task with a list stack
A stack returns the most recently added pending item first.
Process queued tasks in first-in first-out order
A deque supports a queue that removes the oldest pending item first.
Keep a fixed group of related values
A tuple keeps fixed positions whose values can be indexed and sliced without replacing its slots.
Assign tuple positions to named variables
Unpacking names a fixed record's fields and makes a loop over records readable.
Create a changed tuple from existing values
A revised tuple is a new sequence assembled from old values and replacement pieces.
Find a value or count repeats in a tuple
Tuple lookups locate repeated values, while sequence comparisons inspect positions in order.
Represent rows and columns with nested lists
Nested collections model grids and mixed records, but repeated references can accidentally share a row.
Remove duplicates with a set
Sets retain unique hashable values and support membership without a positional order contract.
Choose a set operation for membership or comparison
Set algebra expresses shared, missing and combined membership without counting duplicates.
Keep a set that cannot be changed
A frozenset fixes unique membership and can itself be a member of another set.
Look up values by meaningful keys
A dictionary maps unique hashable keys to values and preserves insertion order during ordinary iteration.
Choose a dictionary method for safe lookup or update
Dictionary methods support optional lookups, batch changes and controlled removal of named fields.
Read a record stored inside a dictionary
Nested dictionaries organise records by ID, and a shallow outer copy still shares inner records.
Remove repeated values while preserving order
Order-preserving deduplication keeps the first occurrence without discarding meaningful receipt entries.
Pair related values while looping
Enumerate and zip align related values, while any and all summarise a sequence of tests.
Package a repeated task as a function
A function names a reusable procedure whose parameters receive values at each call.
Return a result from a function
Return supplies a value to the caller, while printing only produces visible output.
Pass a function argument by name
Named arguments clarify calls, while defaults supply omitted optional values.
Require an argument to be passed by name
The / and * markers constrain how callers bind arguments to a function's parameters.
Accept a flexible set of function arguments
Starred parameters collect extra arguments, while starred call expressions expand existing collections.
Track where a variable name can be used
Name lookup follows enclosing scopes, while assignment normally creates or rebinds a local name.
Document a function with a docstring
A function's first string statement records its contract for readers and help tools.
Write a small function expression for a key
A lambda supplies a single-expression callable when a short selection rule belongs beside its use.
Solve a smaller version of a problem recursively
Recursion reduces a problem towards a base case and returns through independent call frames.
Select a built-in function for a common task
A focused built-in reference separates conversion, inspection, aggregation and traversal helpers.
Request values from an iterator one at a time
An iterator remembers its next position and is exhausted after its values have been consumed.
Yield results one at a time
A generator function pauses at yield and resumes with its local state intact when another value is requested.
Count words and analyse text
A word-frequency table turns receipt descriptions into a small summary of recurring terms.
Recover from a failure with try and except
A narrow try block catches expected failures with specific handlers before general ones.
Raise an exception when an input is invalid
Validation raises a meaningful exception, and callers decide where recovery belongs.
Run cleanup code whether an operation succeeds or fails
Finally performs required cleanup as control leaves a try statement through ordinary success or an exception.
Check a program assumption with assert
Exception types classify failures, while assertions check internal assumptions rather than validate user input.
Open a file using the right mode
A file mode chooses the operation, and with closes the file when its block ends.
Read text from a file
A text file can be read as one value or traversed line by line from its current position.
Write text to a file safely
Writing text requires deliberate replacement or append semantics and explicit line separators.
Choose a file method for reading or writing
File methods separate content transfer, position changes and stream capabilities.
Build portable paths with pathlib
Path objects join portable components and target specific files for inspection or deletion.
Visit files inside a directory tree
Glob patterns find matching names, while recursive traversal visits nested directories explicitly.
Check whether two files contain the same text
Comparing decoded text requires an explicit policy for whitespace and newline differences.
Read and write rows with the csv module
CSV handles delimiters and quoting, while field values still require explicit type conversion.
Exchange structured data with JSON
JSON represents portable nested data while imposing key and value restrictions beyond ordinary Python objects.
Distinguish text from mutable and immutable bytes
Encoding bridges text and bytes, while bytearray and memoryview expose deliberate mutation of a byte buffer.
Restore a verified tracker snapshot
A verified save-load round trip preserves the tracker records and leaves live data intact when loading fails.
Run script code only when a module is launched
A main guard separates reusable imports from execution and exposes a script's argument list deliberately.
Report a script failure with stderr and an exit status
Command failures use a diagnostic stream and a nonzero status, while launch mechanisms vary by operating system.
Diagnose where Python looks for imports
Import search locations and local package structure explain where a module is found.
Organise a small script into clear files
A small package separates calculations, storage and command handling without making imports circular.
Isolate a project's installed packages
A virtual environment gives one project a distinct interpreter context and package installation location.
Install a package with pip
Interpreter-qualified pip commands make package installation and inspection target the intended environment.
Find a module in the standard library
Library documentation, help and dir support discovery but answer different questions about an interface.
Represent and format a date or time
Date and datetime objects represent calendar values, while timedeltas represent elapsed intervals.
Calculate with the math module
Math and cmath select different numeric domains, with complex values carrying real and imaginary components.
Generate repeatable random choices
A seeded pseudorandom generator makes demonstrations reproducible while sampling APIs express different policies.
Summarise a data sample with statistics
Summary measures answer different questions about a sample and require explicit empty-input and spread policies.
Find a text pattern with a regular expression
Regular expressions recognise text patterns, while search and fullmatch answer different scope questions.
Model a real thing with an object
A class defines a type of object that combines related state and behaviour.
Set each new object's starting state
The initializer sets instance state, and self refers to the particular object receiving the call.
Give an object a method that uses its state
An instance method receives its object and can calculate from or deliberately update that object's attributes.
Choose between class and instance attributes
Class attributes provide shared lookup defaults, while instance attributes hold per-object state and can shadow class values.
Protect an object's state behind methods
Encapsulation offers a small interface that keeps validated state changes in one place.
Extend a class with inheritance
A subclass reuses a base contract and can specialise selected behaviour through overriding and super.
Apply one operation to different object types
Shared behaviour lets a report call the same operation on compatible objects without branching on every type.
Choose a special method that supports an operation
Python syntax delegates familiar operations to special methods defined on an object's type.
Wire up a persistent expense command
A thin command layer coordinates loading, object validation, a requested action and saving.
Prove the tracker survives edge cases
A compact regression matrix checks empty data, Unicode, duplicate-looking receipts and storage failures.
Demonstrate a complete expense workflow
The final challenge combines command handling, persistent records and an object-based report into one explainable workflow.
Certificate
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Questions
Is the whole course free?
Yes. Every lesson, lab and checkpoint in this course is free with a Lab0 account.
Do I need to install anything?
No. Lessons, practice and checkpoints all run in your browser, on any device.
Can I skip parts I already know?
Yes. You can attempt a level checkpoint straight away. Pass it and the next level unlocks.